Psy Żywienie

Otyłość u psów. Cz. I. Przyczyny i konsekwencje otyłości u psów

14/06/2018

Otyłe psy mają w krążeniu podwyższone stężenie adipokin, takich jak insulinopodobny czynnik wzrostowy, czynnik martwicy guza alfa oraz leptyna.⁴⁷ Leptyna jest in vitro promotorem guzów gruczołu mlekowego i raka wątrobowokomórkowego u ludzi.⁷⁸ Jak do tej pory tej zależności nie potwierdzono u psów. W mniej więcej połowie przypadków wszystkich raków występujących u ludzi i w niektórych rakach występujących u psów, np. rakach gruczołu mlekowego oraz kostniakomięsaku, stwierdzono ekspresję genów hamujących wzrost guza, takich jak p53.^79-82 Podwyższone stężenia leptyny mogą bezpośrednio hamować ekspresję p53 w komórkach raka gruczołu mlekowego człowieka.⁸³

Ocena stanu psów

W ostatnich latach oceniono przydatność różnych technik określania masy i składu ciała psów. Należały do nich: technika rozcieńczania tlenku deuteru, impedancja bioelektryczna, ultrasonografia, absorpcjometria promieniowania rentgenowskiego o podwójnej energii oraz IKC.^84-87 W warunkach terenowych IKC jest prostą, przydatną, nieinwazyjną i wartościową techniką oceny otyłości podczas pełnego badania klinicznego.⁸⁸ IKC umożliwia subiektywną ocenę ilościową nadmiaru tkanki tłuszczowej występującej u zwierzęcia. Powszechnie stosowaną metodą oceny IKC jest zwalidowana skala dziewięciopunktowa, w której każdy punkt oznacza 10 do 15% masy ciała. Uzyskanie wyniku 6/9 lub 7/9 oznacza już nadwagę. U psów, podobnie jak u ludzi, mianem otyłości określa się masę ciała przekraczającą o 30% lub więcej masę optymalną (co jest równoważne uzyskaniu indeksu IKC wynoszącego 8/9 lub 9/9).⁸⁹

Rejestrowanie zarówno masy ciała, jak i wartości IKC i określenie trendów zmian tych wskaźników ułatwia ustalenie wielkości optymalnej masy ciała.⁹⁰ Pozwala to na wcześniejsze zidentyfikowanie pacjentów z nadwagą, a także ewentualnych czynników przyczyniających się do nadwagi, takich jak endokrynopatie oraz towarzyszące im problemy, np. hiperlipidemia. Mierzenie indeksów kondycji ciała ułatwia także rozmowę z klientem, co jest bardzo ważnym elementem programu odchudzania.

Podsumowanie

Nadwaga i otyłość rozwijają się u psów z powodu występowania łącznie różnych czynników mających podłoże fizyczne, emocjonalne (związane z właścicielem), środowiskowe, endokrynowe lub neurologiczne. Zaburzenia mięśniowo-szkieletowe oraz wady rozwojowe mogą także w bardzo dużym stopniu wpływać na zdolność psów do aktywności fizycznej i w efekcie przyczyniać się do nadmiernego przyrostu masy ciała. Niepożądane nawyki żywieniowe, takie jak podawanie resztek ze stołu, zła dieta oraz stały dostęp do pokarmu, również są ważnymi czynnikami przyczyniającymi się do występowania tego najczęstszego problemu zdrowotnego w populacji psów.

Veterinary Medicine • Vol 106, No 4, April 2011, p. 184

Christopher G. Byers, DVM, DACVECC, DACVIM
VCA Veterinary Referral Associates, 500 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877
Cindy C. Wilson, PhD
Mark B. Stephens, MD, MS
Jeffrey Goodie, PhD, ABPP
Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
F. Ellen Netting, PhD
School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
Cara Olsen, PhD
Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, School of Medicine Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814

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